Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Understanding Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye disease affecting the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, straight-ahead vision. AMD is a leading cause of severe vision loss in adults over age 50. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1.8 million people have AMD, and another 7.3 million are at substantial risk for vision loss from this condition.

Types and Stages of AMD

AMD occurs in two forms: dry (atrophic) and wet (exudative).

• Dry AMD: The most common form, affecting the majority of people with AMD. The macula thins and stops working properly over time. Dry AMD progresses slowly through three stages: early, intermediate, and late. While there's no cure, nutritional supplements, a Mediterranean diet, UV light protection, and smoking cessation may slow its progression.
• Wet AMD: A less common but more severe form where abnormal blood vessels grow under the macula, leaking fluid and causing rapid vision loss. Early detection and treatment with anti-VEGF injections can help manage wet AMD.

Symptoms of AMD

Symptoms vary depending on the stage of AMD:

• Early Dry AMD: Often symptomless.
• Intermediate Dry AMD: Some individuals may experience mild blurriness in central vision or difficulty seeing in low light.
• Late AMD (Wet or Dry): Symptoms can include distorted vision (straight lines appear wavy), a blurry area in the center of vision, diminished color brightness, and difficulty seeing in low light. A dark or empty area in the center of vision may also appear.

Causes and Risk Factors

Several factors increase the risk of developing AMD:

• Heredity
• UV light exposure
• Smoking
• Poor nutrition
• Lack of exercise

Caucasians and women are at a higher risk, with women developing AMD at an earlier age than men.

Diagnosis of AMD

If you experience any symptoms of AMD, contact an optometrist for a comprehensive eye examination. This exam includes tests to detect AMD and other eye conditions. An Amsler Grid test can also help monitor central vision changes at home. Early detection is crucial as it allows for timely management to slow progression.

Treatment for AMD

• Dry AMD: While there's no cure, dietary changes, and nutritional supplements can slow vision loss. AREDS2, a large clinical trial, identified key nutrients that may help: lutein, zeaxanthin, omega-3, vitamin C, vitamin E, and zinc.

• Wet AMD: Treatments include intraocular injections of anti-VEGF medications and photodynamic therapy (PDT) to prevent further vision loss.

Preventing AMD

Adopt the following habits to reduce the risk of AMD:

• Wear UV protective glasses.
• Maintain cardiovascular health and exercise regularly.
• Control and monitor diabetes and hypertension.
• Avoid tobacco products.

Nutrition and AMD

Good nutrition is essential for eye health. Key nutrients that help reduce the risk of AMD include

• Lutein and Zeaxanthin: Found in green leafy vegetables and eggs. Recommended intake is 10 mg of lutein and 2 mg of zeaxanthin daily.
• Vitamin C: 500 mg per day. Essential for slowing AMD progression when combined with other antioxidants.
• Vitamin E: 400 IU per day. Helps slow AMD progression in high-risk individuals.
• Zinc: 40-80 mg daily. Helps slow progression and visual acuity loss. High levels of zinc may interfere with copper absorption, so a copper supplement is also recommended.
• Omega-3s: Found in fatty fish and supplements. Ongoing research continues to explore optimal dosages and types.

​​​​​​​Living with AMD

Managing AMD can be challenging, but low vision devices and vision rehabilitation services can help maintain independence and quality of life. For more information or to schedule an eye exam, contact us today.